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Song thrush

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</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Throstle" redirects here. For the racehorse, see <a href="Throstle_(horse)" title="Throstle (horse)">Throstle (horse)</a>.</div>

<th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)">Song thrush

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<td colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-size: 88%">Song

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<th colspan="2"><div style="text-align: center"><a href="Conservation_status" title="Conservation status">Conservation status</a></div>

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<td colspan="2"><div style="text-align: center"> <a href="Least_Concern" class="mw-redirect" title="Least Concern">Least Concern</a>  (<a href="IUCN_Red_List" title="IUCN Red List">IUCN 3.1</a>)<a href="#cite_note-iucn_status_12_November_2021-1">[1]</a></div>

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<th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; min-width:15em; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)"><a href="Taxonomy_(biology)" title="Taxonomy (biology)">Scientific classification</a>

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<td>Kingdom:

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<td><a href="Animal" title="Animal">Animalia</a>

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<td><a href="Chordate" title="Chordate">Chordata</a>

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<td><a href="Passerine" title="Passerine">Passeriformes</a>

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<td><a href="Thrush_(bird)" title="Thrush (bird)">Turdidae</a>

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<td>Genus:

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<td><a href="Turdus" title="Turdus">Turdus</a>

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<td>Species:

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<td><div style="display:inline" class="species">T. philomelos</div>

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<th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)"><a href="Binomial_nomenclature" title="Binomial nomenclature">Binomial name</a>

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<td colspan="2" style="text-align: center">Turdus philomelos <div style="font-size: 85%;"><a href="Christian_Ludwig_Brehm" title="Christian Ludwig Brehm">Brehm</a>, 1831</div>

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<td colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-size: 88%">Distribution<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">

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</style><div class="legend" style="text-align:left;">  Summer range</div><div class="legend" style="text-align:left;">  Year-round range</div><div class="legend" style="text-align:left;">  Winter range</div><div class="legend" style="text-align:left;">  Introduced range</div>

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<th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)"><a href="Synonym_(taxonomy)" title="Synonym (taxonomy)">Synonyms</a>

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Turdus musicus<a href="#cite_note-musicus-2">[2]</a>

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The song thrush (Turdus philomelos) is a <a href="Thrush_(bird)" title="Thrush (bird)">thrush</a> that breeds across the West <a href="Palearctic" class="mw-redirect" title="Palearctic">Palearctic</a>. It has brown upper-parts and black-spotted cream or buff underparts and has four recognised <a href="Subspecies" title="Subspecies">subspecies</a>. Its distinctive <a href="Birdsong" class="mw-redirect" title="Birdsong">song</a>, which has repeated musical phrases, has frequently been referred to in poetry.

The song thrush breeds in forests, gardens and parks, and is partially <a href="Bird_migration" title="Bird migration">migratory</a> with many birds wintering in southern Europe, North Africa and the Middle East; it has also been introduced into New Zealand and Australia. Although it is not threatened globally, there have been serious population declines in parts of Europe, possibly due to changes in farming practices.

The song thrush builds a neat mud-lined <a href="Bird_nest#Cup" title="Bird nest">cup nest</a> in a bush or tree and lays four to five dark-spotted blue <a href="Bird_egg" title="Bird egg">eggs</a>. It is <a href="Omnivorous" class="mw-redirect" title="Omnivorous">omnivorous</a> and has the habit of using a favourite stone as an "<a href="Anvil" title="Anvil">anvil</a>" on which to break open the shells of <a href="Land_snail" title="Land snail">snails</a>. Like other perching birds (<a href="Passerine" title="Passerine">passerines</a>), it is affected by external and internal <a href="Parasite" class="mw-redirect" title="Parasite">parasites</a> and is vulnerable to <a href="Predation" title="Predation">predation</a> by <a href="Cat" title="Cat">cats</a> and <a href="Bird_of_prey" title="Bird of prey">birds of prey</a>.

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Taxonomy_and_systematics">Taxonomy and systematics</h2></div>

The song thrush was described by <a href="Germany" title="Germany">German</a> <a href="Ornithology" title="Ornithology">ornithologist</a> <a href="Christian_Ludwig_Brehm" title="Christian Ludwig Brehm">Christian Ludwig Brehm</a> in 1831, and still bears its original <a href="Scientific_name" class="mw-redirect" title="Scientific name">scientific name</a>, Turdus philomelos.<a href="#cite_note-Brehm-3">[3]</a> The generic name, Turdus, is the <a href="Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> for thrush, and the specific epithet refers to a character in <a href="Greek_mythology" title="Greek mythology">Greek mythology</a>, <a href="Philomela_(princess_of_Athens)" class="mw-redirect" title="Philomela (princess of Athens)">Philomela</a>, who had her tongue cut out, but was changed into a singing bird. Her name is derived from the <a href="Ancient_Greek" title="Ancient Greek">Ancient Greek</a> Φιλο philo- (loving), and μέλος melos (song).<a href="#cite_note-BTO-4">[4]</a> The dialect names throstle and mavis both mean thrush, being related to the <a href="German_language" title="German language">German</a> drossel and <a href="French_language" title="French language">French</a> mauvis respectively.<a href="#cite_note-Chambers-5">[5]</a> Throstle dates back to at least the fourteenth century and was used by <a href="Geoffrey_Chaucer" title="Geoffrey Chaucer">Chaucer</a> in the <a href="Parliament_of_Fowls" class="mw-redirect" title="Parliament of Fowls">Parliament of Fowls</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Cocker-6">[6]</a> Mavis is derived via <a href="Middle_English" title="Middle English">Middle English</a> mavys and <a href="Old_French" title="Old French">Old French</a> mauvis from <a href="Middle_Breton" class="mw-redirect" title="Middle Breton">Middle Breton</a> milhuyt meaning "thrush".<a href="#cite_note-AH_Dict_1973_p808-7">[7]</a> Mavis (Μαβής) can also mean "<a href="Purple" title="Purple">purple</a>" in <a href="Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a>.<a href="#cite_note-LP_2006_Greek_p244-8">[8]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Classification">Classification</h3></div>

A molecular study indicated that the song thrush's closest relatives are the similarly plumaged <a href="Mistle_thrush" title="Mistle thrush">mistle thrush</a> (T. viscivorus) and <a href="Chinese_thrush" title="Chinese thrush">Chinese thrush</a> (T. mupinensis); these three species are early offshoots from the Eurasian lineage of Turdus thrushes after they spread north from Africa. They are less closely related to other European thrush species such as the <a href="Common_blackbird" title="Common blackbird">blackbird</a> (T. merula) which are descended from ancestors that had colonised the <a href="Canary_Islands" title="Canary Islands">Canary Islands</a> from Africa and subsequently reached Europe from there.<a href="#cite_note-Voelker_et_al_2007-9">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-reilly-10">[10]</a>

The song thrush has four <a href="Subspecies" title="Subspecies">subspecies</a>,<a href="#cite_note-IOC-11">[11]</a> with the <a href="Subspecies#Nomenclature" title="Subspecies">nominate subspecies</a>, T. p. philomelos, covering the majority of the species' range. T. p. hebridensis, described by <a href="United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">British</a> <a href="Ornithologist" class="mw-redirect" title="Ornithologist">ornithologist</a> <a href="William_Eagle_Clarke" title="William Eagle Clarke">William Eagle Clarke</a> in 1913, is a mainly <a href="Sedentism" title="Sedentism">sedentary</a> (non-migratory) form found in the <a href="Outer_Hebrides" title="Outer Hebrides">Outer Hebrides</a> and <a href="Isle_of_Skye" title="Isle of Skye">Isle of Skye</a> in <a href="Scotland" title="Scotland">Scotland</a>, and western <a href="Ireland" title="Ireland">Ireland</a>.<a href="#cite_note-IOC-11">[11]</a> It is the darkest subspecies, with a dark brown back, greyish rump, pale buff background colour to the underparts and grey-tinged flanks.<a href="#cite_note-Clement-12">[12]</a>

T. p. clarkei, described by German zoologist <a href="Ernst_Hartert" title="Ernst Hartert">Ernst Hartert</a> in 1909, and named after <a href="William_Eagle_Clarke" title="William Eagle Clarke">William Eagle Clarke</a>, breeds in the rest of <a href="Great_Britain" title="Great Britain">Great Britain</a> and <a href="Ireland" title="Ireland">Ireland</a> and on mainland Europe in <a href="France" title="France">France</a>, <a href="Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a>, the <a href="Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a> and possibly somewhat further east. It has brown upperparts which are warmer in tone than those of the nominate form, an olive-tinged rump and rich yellow background colour to the underparts. It is a partial migrant with some birds wintering in southern France and <a href="Iberian_peninsula" class="mw-redirect" title="Iberian peninsula">Iberia</a>. This form <a href="Hybrid_(biology)" title="Hybrid (biology)">intergrades</a> with the nominate subspecies in central Europe, and with T. p. hebridensis in the <a href="Inner_Hebrides" title="Inner Hebrides">Inner Hebrides</a> and western Scotland, and in these areas birds show intermediate characteristics.<a href="#cite_note-Clement-12">[12]</a> Finally, T. p. nataliae, described by the Russian <a href="Sergei_Aleksandrovich_Buturlin" class="mw-redirect" title="Sergei Aleksandrovich Buturlin">Sergei Buturlin</a> in 1929, occurs in the east of the range in <a href="Siberia" title="Siberia">Siberia</a> east of the Ural Mountains.<a href="#cite_note-IOC-11">[11]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Description">Description</h2></div>

The song thrush (as represented by the nominate subspecies T. p. philomelos) is <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1154941027">

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</style>20 to 23.5 centimetres (7+3⁄4 to 9+1⁄4 inches) in length and weighs 50 to 107 grams (1+3⁄4 to 3+3⁄4 ounces). The sexes are similar, with plain brown backs and neatly black-spotted cream or yellow-buff underparts, becoming paler on the belly. The underwing is warm yellow, the bill is yellowish and the legs and feet are pink. The upperparts of this species become colder in tone from west to east across the breeding range from <a href="Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a> to Siberia. The juvenile resembles the adult, but has buff or orange streaks on the back and wing <a href="Covert_(feather)" class="mw-redirect" title="Covert (feather)">coverts</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Clement-12">[12]</a>

The most similar European thrush species is the <a href="Redwing" title="Redwing">redwing</a> (T. iliacus), but that bird has a strong white <a href="Supercilium" title="Supercilium">supercilium</a>, red flanks, and shows a red underwing in flight. The <a href="Mistle_thrush" title="Mistle thrush">mistle thrush</a> (T. viscivorus) is much larger and has white tail corners, and the <a href="Chinese_thrush" title="Chinese thrush">Chinese thrush</a> (T. mupinensis), although much more similar in plumage, has black face markings and does not overlap in range.<a href="#cite_note-Clement-12">[12]</a>

The song thrush has a short, sharp tsip call, replaced on migration by a thin high seep, similar to the redwing's call but shorter. The alarm call is a chook-chook becoming shorter and more strident with increasing danger. The male's song, given from trees, rooftops or other elevated perches, is a loud clear run of musical phrases, repeated two to four times, filip filip filip codidio codidio quitquiquit tittit tittit tereret tereret tereret, and interspersed with grating notes and mimicry. It is given mainly from February to June by the Outer Hebridean race, but from November to July by the more widespread subspecies.<a href="#cite_note-Clement-12">[12]</a> For its weight, this species has one of the loudest bird calls.<a href="#cite_note-Brackenbury_1979-13">[13]</a>

An individual male may have a repertoire of more than 100 phrases,<a href="#cite_note-Devoogd_et_al_1993-14">[14]</a> many copied from its parents and neighbouring birds. Mimicry may include the imitation of man-made items like telephones,<a href="#cite_note-Slater_1983-15">[15]</a> and the song thrush will also repeat the calls of captive birds, including exotics such as the <a href="White-faced_whistling_duck" title="White-faced whistling duck">white-faced whistling duck</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Clement-12">[12]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Distribution_and_habitat">Distribution and habitat</h2></div>

The song thrush breeds in most of Europe (although not in the greater part of <a href="Iberian_Peninsula" title="Iberian Peninsula">Iberia</a>, lowland Italy or southern Greece), and across Ukraine and Russia almost to <a href="Lake_Baikal" title="Lake Baikal">Lake Baikal</a>. It reaches to 75°N in Norway, but only to about 60°N in Siberia. Birds from <a href="Scandinavia" title="Scandinavia">Scandinavia</a>, <a href="Eastern_Europe" title="Eastern Europe">Eastern Europe</a> and Russia winter around the <a href="Mediterranean" class="mw-redirect" title="Mediterranean">Mediterranean</a>, North Africa and the <a href="Middle_East" title="Middle East">Middle East</a>, but only some of the birds in the milder west of the breeding range leave their breeding areas.<a href="#cite_note-Clement-12">[12]</a> The song thrush has been sighted in North America as a rare <a href="Vagrancy_(biology)" title="Vagrancy (biology)">vagrant</a>, with records from <a href="Quebec" title="Quebec">Quebec</a> in <a href="Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a>, <a href="Greenland" title="Greenland">Greenland</a>, as well as in <a href="Alaska" title="Alaska">Alaska</a>, <a href="California" title="California">California</a>, and <a href="Washington_(state)" title="Washington (state)">Washington</a> in the <a href="United_States" title="United States">United States</a>.<a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a> It has also been sighted in various Atlantic islands and <a href="West_Africa" title="West Africa">West Africa</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Clement-12">[12]</a> In South America, there is a record of a song thrush from <a href="Colombia" title="Colombia">Colombia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a>

In <a href="Great_Britain" title="Great Britain">Great Britain</a> song thrushes are commonly found where there are trees and bushes. Such areas include parks, gardens, coniferous and deciduous woodland and hedgerows.<a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a>

Birds of the subspecies T. p. clarkei were introduced to New Zealand and Australia by <a href="Acclimatisation_society" title="Acclimatisation society">acclimatisation societies</a> between 1860 and 1880, apparently for purely sentimental reasons.<a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-ENZ-24">[24]</a> In New Zealand, where it was introduced on both the main islands, the song thrush quickly established itself and spread to surrounding islands such as the <a href="Kermadec_Islands" title="Kermadec Islands">Kermadecs</a>, <a href="Chatham_Islands" title="Chatham Islands">Chatham</a> and <a href="Auckland_Islands" title="Auckland Islands">Auckland Islands</a>.<a href="#cite_note-NZ-25">[25]</a> Although it is common and widespread in New Zealand, in Australia only a small population survives around <a href="Melbourne" title="Melbourne">Melbourne</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Oz-26">[26]</a> In New Zealand, there appears to be a limited detrimental effect on some invertebrates due to predation by introduced bird species,<a href="#cite_note-snail-27">[27]</a> and the song thrush also damages commercial fruit crops in that country.<a href="#cite_note-DAFWA-28">[28]</a> As an introduced species it has no legal protection in New Zealand, and can be killed at any time.<a href="#cite_note-MENZ-29">[29]</a>

The song thrush typically nests in forest with good undergrowth and nearby more open areas, and in western Europe also uses gardens and parks. It breeds up to the tree-line, reaching 2,200 metres (7,200 feet) in <a href="Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a>. The island subspecies T. p. hebridensis breeds in more open country, including <a href="Heath_(habitat)" class="mw-redirect" title="Heath (habitat)">heathland</a>, and in the east of the song thrush's Eurasian range, the nominate subspecies is restricted to the edge of the dense conifer forests.<a href="#cite_note-Clement-12">[12]</a>

In intensively farmed areas where agricultural practices appear to have made cropped land unsuitable, gardens are an important breeding habitat. In one English study, only 3.5% of <a href="Territory_(animal)" title="Territory (animal)">territories</a> were found in farmland, whereas gardens held 71.5% of the territories, despite that habitat making up only 2% of the total area. The remaining nests were in woodlands (1% of total area).<a href="#cite_note-Mason-30">[30]</a>

The winter habitat is similar to that used for breeding, except that high ground and other exposed localities are avoided;<a href="#cite_note-BWP-31">[31]</a> however, the island subspecies T. p. hebridensis will frequent the seashore in winter.<a href="#cite_note-Clement-12">[12]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Behaviour_and_ecology">Behaviour and ecology</h2></div>

The song thrush is not usually gregarious, although several birds may roost together in winter or be loosely associated in suitable feeding habitats, perhaps with other thrushes such as the blackbird, <a href="Fieldfare" title="Fieldfare">fieldfare</a>, redwing and <a href="Dark-throated_thrush_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Dark-throated thrush (disambiguation)">dark-throated thrush</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Clement-12">[12]</a> Unlike the more nomadic fieldfare and redwing, the song thrush tends to return regularly to the same wintering areas.<a href="#cite_note-BWP-31">[31]</a>

This is a <a href="Monogamy" title="Monogamy">monogamous</a> territorial species, and in areas where it is fully migratory, the male re-establishes its breeding territory and starts singing as soon as he returns. In the milder areas where some birds stay year round, the resident male remains in his breeding territory, singing intermittently, but the female may establish a separate individual wintering range until pair formation begins in the early spring.<a href="#cite_note-BWP-31">[31]</a>

During migration, the song thrush travels mainly at night with a strong and direct flight action. It flies in loose flocks which cross the sea on a broad front rather than concentrating at short crossings (as occurs in the migration of large soaring birds), and calls frequently to maintain contact.<a href="#cite_note-Clement-12">[12]</a> Migration may start as early as late August in the most easterly and northerly parts of the range, but the majority of birds, with shorter distances to cover, head south from September to mid-December. However, hard weather may force further movement. Return migration varies between mid-February around the <a href="Mediterranean_Sea" title="Mediterranean Sea">Mediterranean</a> to May in northern Sweden and central <a href="Siberia" title="Siberia">Siberia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Clement-12">[12]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Breeding_and_survival">Breeding and survival</h3></div>

The female song thrush builds a neat cup-shaped nest lined with mud and dry grass in a bush, tree or creeper, or, in the case of the Hebridean subspecies, on the ground. She lays four or five bright glossy blue <a href="Egg_(biology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Egg (biology)">eggs</a> which are lightly spotted with black or purple;<a href="#cite_note-Clement-12">[12]</a> they are typically 2.7 cm × 2.0 cm (1+1⁄8 in × 3⁄4 in) size and weigh 6.0 g (3⁄16 oz), of which 6% is shell.<a href="#cite_note-BTO-4">[4]</a> The female incubates the eggs alone for 10–17 days, and after hatching a similar time elapses until the young fledge. Two or three broods in a year is normal, although only one may be raised in the north of the range.<a href="#cite_note-Clement-12">[12]</a> On average, 54.6% of British juveniles survive the first year of life, and the adult annual survival rate is 62.2%. The typical lifespan is three years, but the maximum recorded age is 10 years 8 months.<a href="#cite_note-BTO-4">[4]</a>

The song thrush is occasionally a host of <a href="Brood_parasite" class="mw-redirect" title="Brood parasite">parasitic</a> <a href="Cuckoo" title="Cuckoo">cuckoos</a>, such as the <a href="Common_cuckoo" title="Common cuckoo">common cuckoo</a>, but this is very rare because the thrush recognizes the cuckoo's <a href="Mimicry" title="Mimicry">non-mimetic</a> eggs.<a href="#cite_note-BB95-32">[32]</a> However, the song thrush does not demonstrate the same aggression toward the adult cuckoo that is shown by the <a href="Common_blackbird" title="Common blackbird">blackbird</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Grim-33">[33]</a> The introduced birds in New Zealand, where the cuckoo does not occur, have, over the past 130 years, retained the ability to recognise and reject non-mimetic eggs.<a href="#cite_note-JAB-34">[34]</a>

Adult birds may be killed by <a href="Cat" title="Cat">cats</a>, <a href="Little_owl" title="Little owl">little owls</a> and <a href="Eurasian_sparrowhawk" title="Eurasian sparrowhawk">sparrowhawks</a>, and eggs and nestlings are taken by <a href="European_magpie" class="mw-redirect" title="European magpie">magpies</a>, <a href="Eurasian_jay" title="Eurasian jay">jays</a>, and, where present, <a href="Eastern_gray_squirrel" title="Eastern gray squirrel">grey squirrels</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Brown-35">[35]</a><a href="#cite_note-RSPB-36">[36]</a><a href="#cite_note-NatEng-37">[37]</a> As with other passerine birds, parasites are common, and include endoparasites, such as the <a href="Nematode" title="Nematode">nematode</a> Splendidofilaria (Avifilaria) mavis whose specific name mavis derives from this thrush.<a href="#cite_note-nematode-38">[38]</a> A Russian study of blood parasites showed that all the fieldfares, redwings and song thrushes sampled carried haematozoans, particularly Haemoproteus and <a href="Trypanosoma" title="Trypanosoma">Trypanosoma</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Markovets-39">[39]</a> <a href="Ixodes" title="Ixodes">Ixodes</a> ticks are also common, and can carry pathogens, including tick-borne <a href="Encephalitis" title="Encephalitis">encephalitis</a> in forested areas of central and <a href="Eastern_Europe" title="Eastern Europe">eastern Europe</a> and Russia,<a href="#cite_note-Pentagon-40">[40]</a> and, more widely, <a href="Borrelia" title="Borrelia">Borrelia</a> <a href="Bacteria" title="Bacteria">bacteria</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Kipp-41">[41]</a> Some species of Borrelia cause <a href="Lyme_disease" title="Lyme disease">Lyme disease</a>, and ground-feeding birds like the song thrush may act as a reservoir for the disease.<a href="#cite_note-EID-42">[42]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Feeding">Feeding</h3></div>

The song thrush is <a href="Omnivorous" class="mw-redirect" title="Omnivorous">omnivorous</a>, eating a wide range of <a href="Invertebrate" title="Invertebrate">invertebrates</a>, especially <a href="Earthworm" title="Earthworm">earthworms</a> and <a href="Snail" title="Snail">snails</a>, as well as soft fruit and <a href="Berry" title="Berry">berries</a>. Like its relative, the blackbird, the song thrush finds animal prey by sight, has a run-and-stop hunting technique on open ground, and will rummage through leaf-litter seeking potential food items.<a href="#cite_note-Clement-12">[12]</a>

<a href="Land_snail" title="Land snail">Land snails</a> are an especially important food item when drought or hard weather makes it hard to find other food. The thrush often uses a favorite stone as an "anvil" on which to break the shell of the snail before extracting the soft body and invariably wiping it on the ground before consumption.<a href="#cite_note-BWP-31">[31]</a> Young birds initially flick objects and attempt to play with them until they learn to use anvils as tools to smash snails.<a href="#cite_note-Henty_1986-43">[43]</a> The nestlings are mainly fed on animal food such as worms, <a href="Slug" title="Slug">slugs</a>, snails and <a href="Insect" title="Insect">insect</a> <a href="Larva" title="Larva">larvae</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Clement-12">[12]</a>

The <a href="Grove_snail" class="mw-redirect" title="Grove snail">grove snail</a> (Cepaea nemoralis) is regularly eaten by the song thrush, and its <a href="Polymorphism_(biology)" title="Polymorphism (biology)">polymorphic</a> shell patterns have been suggested as evolutionary responses to reduce predation;<a href="#cite_note-Goodhart-44">[44]</a> however, song thrushes may not be the only selective force involved.<a href="#cite_note-Owen_Bengtson_1972-45">[45]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Status_and_conservation">Status and conservation</h2></div>

The song thrush has an extensive range, estimated at 10 million square kilometres (4 million square miles), and a large population, with an estimated 40 to 71 million individuals in Europe alone.<a href="#cite_note-iucn_status_12_November_2021-1">[1]</a>

In the western <a href="Palaearctic" class="mw-redirect" title="Palaearctic">Palaearctic</a>, there is evidence of population decline, but at a level below the threshold required for global conservation concern (i.e., a reduction in numbers of more than 30% in ten years or three generations) and the <a href="IUCN_Red_List" title="IUCN Red List">IUCN Red List</a> categorises this species as of "<a href="Least_Concern" class="mw-redirect" title="Least Concern">Least Concern</a>".<a href="#cite_note-iucn_status_12_November_2021-1">[1]</a> In Great Britain and the Netherlands, there has been a more than 50% decline in population, and the song thrush is included in <a href="Regional_Red_List" title="Regional Red List">regional Red Lists</a>.<a href="#cite_note-BWP-31">[31]</a><a href="#cite_note-BTO2-46">[46]</a> The decreases are greatest in farmlands (73% since the mid-1970s) and believed to be due to changes in agricultural practices in recent decades.<a href="#cite_note-Cocker-6">[6]</a> The precise reasons for the decline are not known but may be related to the loss of hedgerows, a move to sowing crops in autumn rather than spring, and possibly the increased use of pesticides. These changes may have reduced the availability of food and of nest sites.<a href="#cite_note-ukbap-47">[47]</a> In gardens, the use of poison bait to control slugs and snails may pose a threat.<a href="#cite_note-NatEng-37">[37]</a> In urban areas, some thrushes are <a href="Road_kill" class="mw-redirect" title="Road kill">killed</a> while using the hard surface of roads to smash snails.<a href="#cite_note-Erritzoe_Mazgajski_Rejt_2003-48">[48]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Relationship_with_humans">Relationship with humans</h2></div>

The song thrush's characteristic song, with melodic phrases repeated twice or more, is described by the nineteenth-century British poet <a href="Robert_Browning" title="Robert Browning">Robert Browning</a> in his poem <a href="Home_Thoughts_from_Abroad" title="Home Thoughts from Abroad">Home Thoughts, from Abroad</a>:

That's the wise thrush; he sings each song twice over,

Lest you should think he never could recapture

The first fine careless <a href="Rapture" title="Rapture">rapture</a>!<a href="#cite_note-Browning-49">[49]</a>

</blockquote>

The song also inspired the nineteenth-century British writer <a href="Thomas_Hardy" title="Thomas Hardy">Thomas Hardy</a>, who spoke in Darkling Thrush of the bird's "full-hearted song evensong/Of joy illimited",<a href="#cite_note-stallings-50">[50]</a> but twentieth-century British poet <a href="Ted_Hughes" title="Ted Hughes">Ted Hughes</a> in Thrushes concentrated on its hunting prowess: "Nothing but bounce and/stab/and a ravening second".<a href="#cite_note-thrushes-51">[51]</a> Nineteenth-century Welsh poet <a href="Edward_Thomas_(poet)" title="Edward Thomas (poet)">Edward Thomas</a> wrote 15 poems concerning blackbirds or thrushes, including The Thrush:

I hear the thrush, and I see

Him alone at the end of the lane

Near the bare poplar's tip,

Singing continuously.<a href="#cite_note-Cocker-6">[6]</a>

</blockquote>

In The Tables Turned, <a href="Romanticism" title="Romanticism">Romantic</a> poet <a href="William_Wordsworth" title="William Wordsworth">William Wordsworth</a> references the song thrush, writing

Hark, how blithe the throstle sings

And he is no mean preacher

Come forth into the light of things

Let Nature be your teacher<a href="#cite_note-Wordsworth-52">[52]</a>

</blockquote>

The song thrush is the emblem of <a href="West_Bromwich_Albion_F.C." title="West Bromwich Albion F.C.">West Bromwich Albion Football Club</a>, chosen because the <a href="Public_house" class="mw-redirect" title="Public house">public house</a> in which the team used to change kept a pet thrush in a cage. It also gave rise to Albion's early nickname, The Throstles.<a href="#cite_note-McOwan-53">[53]</a> A few English pubs and hotels share the name Throstles Nest.<a href="#cite_note-BB113-54">[54]</a>

Thrushes have been trapped for food from as far back as 12,000 years ago<a href="#cite_note-Bocheñski_2004-55">[55]</a> and an early reference is found in the <a href="Odyssey" title="Odyssey">Odyssey</a>: "Then, as doves or thrushes beating their spread wings against some snare rigged up in thickets—flying in for a cosy nest but a grisly bed receives them."<a href="#cite_note-Homer-56">[56]</a> Hunting continues today around the Mediterranean, but is not believed to be a major factor in this species' decline in parts of its range.<a href="#cite_note-Cocker-6">[6]</a>

In Spain, this species is normally caught as it migrates through the country, often using <a href="Birdlime" title="Birdlime">birdlime</a> which, although banned by the <a href="European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a>, is still tolerated and permitted in the <a href="Valencian_Community" title="Valencian Community">Valencian Community</a>.<a href="#cite_note-case_c79-57">[57]</a> In 2003 and 2004 the <a href="European_Union" title="European Union">EU</a> tried, but failed, to stop this practice in the Valencian region.<a href="#cite_note-parany1-58">[58]</a><a href="#cite_note-parany2-59">[59]</a>

Up to at least the nineteenth century the song thrush was kept as a cage bird because of its melodious voice.<a href="#cite_note-Dyson-60">[60]</a> As with hunting, there is little evidence that the taking of wild birds for <a href="Aviculture" title="Aviculture">aviculture</a> has had a significant effect on wild populations.<a href="#cite_note-Clement-12">[12]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

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</ol></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div>

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<div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Turdus_philomelos" class="extiw external" title="commons:Turdus philomelos">Turdus philomelos</a>.</div></div>

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<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rspb.org.uk/wildlife/birdguide/name/s/songthrush/">RSPB species page</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/nature/wildfacts/factfiles/258.shtml">BBC species page</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.birdsofbritain.co.uk/bird-guide/song-thrush.asp">Birds of Britain species page</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070421164156/http://www.birdsofbritain.co.uk/bird-guide/song-thrush.asp">Archived</a> 2007-04-21 at the <a href="Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.garden-birds.co.uk/birds/songthrush.htm">Garden Birds species page</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090225124752/http://www.bbc.co.uk/nature/programmes/radio/dawn_chorus/video/songthrush_song.ram">Recording of song</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ibc.lynxeds.com/species/song-thrush-turdus-philomelos">Song Thrush videos, photos & sounds</a> on the Internet Bird Collection</li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141202064439/http://aulaenred.ibercaja.es/wp-content/uploads/346_SongThrushTphilomelos.pdf">Ageing and sexing (PDF; 1.7 MB) by Javier Blasco-Zumeta & Gerd-Michael Heinze</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ornithos.de/Ornithos/Feather_Collection/Turdus_philomelos/Turdus_philomelos.htm">Feathers of Song Thrush (Turdus philomelos)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180223080445/http://www.ornithos.de/Ornithos/Feather_Collection/Turdus_philomelos/Turdus_philomelos.htm">Archived</a> 2018-02-23 at the <a href="Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li></ul>

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<ul><li><a href="Wikidata" title="Wikidata">Wikidata</a>: <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q26349" class="extiw external" title="wikidata:Q26349">Q26349</a></li>

<li><a href="Wikispecies" title="Wikispecies">Wikispecies</a>: <a href="https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Turdus_philomelos" class="extiw external" title="wikispecies:Turdus philomelos">Turdus philomelos</a></li>

<li><a href="American_Birding_Association" title="American Birding Association">ABA</a>: sonthr</li>

<li><a href="Animal_Diversity_Web" title="Animal Diversity Web">ADW</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Turdus_philomelos/">Turdus_philomelos</a></li>

<li><a href="Australian_Faunal_Directory" title="Australian Faunal Directory">AFD</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://biodiversity.org.au/afd/taxa/Turdus_philomelos">Turdus_philomelos</a></li>

<li><a href="Avibase" title="Avibase">Avibase</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://avibase.bsc-eoc.org/species.jsp?avibaseid=D929EB214A698282">D929EB214A698282</a></li>

<li>BioLib: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biolib.cz/en/taxon/id8888">8888</a></li>

<li><a href="BirdLife_International" title="BirdLife International">BirdLife</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datazone.birdlife.org/species/factsheet/22708822">22708822</a></li>

<li><a href="Birds_of_the_World" title="Birds of the World">BOW</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://birdsoftheworld.org/bow/species/sonthr1">sonthr1</a></li>

<li><a href="EBird" title="EBird">eBird</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ebird.org/species/sonthr1">sonthr1</a></li>

<li><a href="EPPO_Code" title="EPPO Code">EPPO</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gd.eppo.int/taxon/TURDPH">TURDPH</a></li>

<li><a href="European_Nature_Information_System" class="mw-redirect" title="European Nature Information System">EUNIS</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eunis.eea.europa.eu/species/1334">1334</a></li>

<li><a href="European_Union_for_Bird_Ringing" title="European Union for Bird Ringing">EURING</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://euring.org/edb/species-maps/sp12000.htm">12000</a></li>

<li><a href="Fauna_Europaea" title="Fauna Europaea">Fauna Europaea</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eu-nomen.eu/portal/taxon.php?GUID=urn:lsid:faunaeur.org:taxname:97234">97234</a></li>

<li><a href="Fauna_Europaea" title="Fauna Europaea">Fauna Europaea (new)</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fauna-eu.org/cdm_dataportal/taxon/9b2718e1-d136-447e-bded-d7cd832e8343">9b2718e1-d136-447e-bded-d7cd832e8343</a></li>

<li><a href="INaturalist" title="INaturalist">iNaturalist</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://inaturalist.org/taxa/12748">12748</a></li>

<li><a href="Interim_Register_of_Marine_and_Nonmarine_Genera" title="Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera">IRMNG</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.irmng.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=10215639">10215639</a></li>

<li><a href="National_Biodiversity_Network" title="National Biodiversity Network">NBN</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://species.nbnatlas.org/species/NHMSYS0000530678">NHMSYS0000530678</a></li>

<li>NZBO: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nzbirdsonline.org.nz/species/song-thrush">song-thrush</a></li>

<li><a href="Observation.org" title="Observation.org">Observation.org</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://observation.org/species/204/">204</a></li>

<li><a href="Paleobiology_Database" title="Paleobiology Database">Paleobiology Database</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://paleobiodb.org/classic/basicTaxonInfo?taxon_no=368612">368612</a></li>

<li><a href="World_Register_of_Marine_Species" title="World Register of Marine Species">WoRMS</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=558603">558603</a></li>

<li><a href="Xeno-canto" title="Xeno-canto">Xeno-canto</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://xeno-canto.org/species/Turdus-philomelos">Turdus-philomelos</a></li></ul>

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